1 Natural Acetic Acid Market Overview 1.1 Product Definition 1.2 Natural Acetic Acid Segment by Usage 1.2.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Usage 2022 VS 2029 1.2.2 Preservative 1.2.3 Flavoring Agent 1.2.4 Stabilizer 1.2.5 Emulsifier 1.2.6 pH Regulator 1.2.7 Pharmaceutical Preparations 1.2.8 Others 1.3 Natural Acetic Acid Segment by Application 1.3.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2022 VS 2029 1.3.2 Food & Beverage 1.3.3 Pharmaceutical 1.3.4 Industrial 1.3.5 Others 1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects 1.4.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 1.4.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 1.4.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 1.4.4 Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 1.5 Assumptions and Limitations 2 Market Competition by Manufacturers 2.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023) 2.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023) 2.3 Global Key Players of Natural Acetic Acid, Industry Ranking, 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023 2.4 Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) 2.5 Global Natural Acetic Acid Average Price by Manufacturers (2018-2023) 2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Natural Acetic Acid, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters 2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Natural Acetic Acid, Product Offered and Application 2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Natural Acetic Acid, Date of Enter into This Industry 2.9 Natural Acetic Acid Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.9.1 Natural Acetic Acid Market Concentration Rate 2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Natural Acetic Acid Players Market Share by Revenue 2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Natural Acetic Acid Production by Region 3.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 3.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Region (2018-2029) 3.2.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2023) 3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Natural Acetic Acid by Region (2024-2029) 3.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 3.4 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Region (2018-2029) 3.4.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Region (2018-2023) 3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Natural Acetic Acid by Region (2024-2029) 3.5 Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Price Analysis by Region (2018-2023) 3.6 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth 3.6.1 North America Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 3.6.2 Europe Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 3.6.3 China Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 3.6.4 Japan Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2018-2029) 4 Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region 4.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 4.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region (2018-2029) 4.2.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region (2018-2023) 4.2.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Forecasted Consumption by Region (2024-2029) 4.3 North America 4.3.1 North America Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 4.3.2 North America Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2018-2029) 4.3.3 U.S. 4.3.4 Canada 4.4 Europe 4.4.1 Europe Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 4.4.2 Europe Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2018-2029) 4.4.3 Germany 4.4.4 France 4.4.5 U.K. 4.4.6 Italy 4.4.7 Russia 4.5 Asia Pacific 4.5.1 Asia Pacific Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 4.5.2 Asia Pacific Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region (2018-2029) 4.5.3 China 4.5.4 Japan 4.5.5 South Korea 4.5.6 China Taiwan 4.5.7 Southeast Asia 4.5.8 India 4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa 4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2018-2029) 4.6.3 Mexico 4.6.4 Brazil 4.6.5 Turkey 5 Segment by Usage 5.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Usage (2018-2029) 5.1.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Usage (2018-2023) 5.1.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Usage (2024-2029) 5.1.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Usage (2018-2029) 5.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Usage (2018-2029) 5.2.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Usage (2018-2023) 5.2.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Usage (2024-2029) 5.2.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Market Share by Usage (2018-2029) 5.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Price by Usage (2018-2029) 6 Segment by Application 6.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Application (2018-2029) 6.1.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Application (2018-2023) 6.1.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Application (2024-2029) 6.1.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Application (2018-2029) 6.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Application (2018-2029) 6.2.1 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Application (2018-2023) 6.2.2 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Application (2024-2029) 6.2.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Market Share by Application (2018-2029) 6.3 Global Natural Acetic Acid Price by Application (2018-2029) 7 Key Companies Profiled 7.1 Elan Chemical Company 7.1.1 Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information 7.1.2 Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Product Portfolio 7.1.3 Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023) 7.1.4 Elan Chemical Company Main Business and Markets Served 7.1.5 Elan Chemical Company Recent Developments/Updates 7.2 Sucroal 7.2.1 Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information 7.2.2 Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Product Portfolio 7.2.3 Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023) 7.2.4 Sucroal Main Business and Markets Served 7.2.5 Sucroal Recent Developments/Updates 7.3 JAINCO TRADING 7.3.1 JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information 7.3.2 JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Product Portfolio 7.3.3 JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023) 7.3.4 JAINCO TRADING Main Business and Markets Served 7.3.5 JAINCO TRADING Recent Developments/Updates 7.4 Parchem 7.4.1 Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information 7.4.2 Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Product Portfolio 7.4.3 Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023) 7.4.4 Parchem Main Business and Markets Served 7.4.5 Parchem Recent Developments/Updates 7.5 Yi Bang Industry 7.5.1 Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information 7.5.2 Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Product Portfolio 7.5.3 Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023) 7.5.4 Yi Bang Industry Main Business and Markets Served 7.5.5 Yi Bang Industry Recent Developments/Updates 8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis 8.1 Natural Acetic Acid Industry Chain Analysis 8.2 Natural Acetic Acid Key Raw Materials 8.2.1 Key Raw Materials 8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers 8.3 Natural Acetic Acid Production Mode & Process 8.4 Natural Acetic Acid Sales and Marketing 8.4.1 Natural Acetic Acid Sales Channels 8.4.2 Natural Acetic Acid Distributors 8.5 Natural Acetic Acid Customers 9 Natural Acetic Acid Market Dynamics 9.1 Natural Acetic Acid Industry Trends 9.2 Natural Acetic Acid Market Drivers 9.3 Natural Acetic Acid Market Challenges 9.4 Natural Acetic Acid Market Restraints 10 Research Finding and Conclusion 11 Methodology and Data Source 11.1 Methodology/Research Approach 11.1.1 Research Programs/Design 11.1.2 Market Size Estimation 11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 11.2 Data Source 11.2.1 Secondary Sources 11.2.2 Primary Sources 11.3 Author List 11.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables Table 1. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Value by Usage, (US$ Million) & (2022 VS 2029) Table 2. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2022 VS 2029) Table 3. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Capacity (K MT) by Manufacturers in 2022 Table 4. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production by Manufacturers (2018-2023) & (K MT) Table 5. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023) Table 6. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Manufacturers (2018-2023) & (US$ Million) Table 7. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2018-2023) Table 8. Global Natural Acetic Acid Industry Ranking 2021 VS 2022 VS 2023 Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Natural Acetic Acid as of 2022) Table 10. Global Market Natural Acetic Acid Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/MT) & (2018-2023) Table 11. Manufacturers Natural Acetic Acid Production Sites and Area Served Table 12. Manufacturers Natural Acetic Acid Product Types Table 13. Global Natural Acetic Acid Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Table 15. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (US$ Million) Table 16. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2018-2023) Table 17. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Market Share by Region (2018-2023) Table 18. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2024-2029) Table 19. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2024-2029) Table 20. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Comparison by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Table 21. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT) by Region (2018-2023) Table 22. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Region (2018-2023) Table 23. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT) Forecast by Region (2024-2029) Table 24. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2024-2029) Table 25. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Average Price (USD/MT) by Region (2018-2023) Table 26. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Average Price (USD/MT) by Region (2024-2029) Table 27. Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Table 28. Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region (2018-2023) & (K MT) Table 29. Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Market Share by Region (2018-2023) Table 30. Global Natural Acetic Acid Forecasted Consumption by Region (2024-2029) & (K MT) Table 31. Global Natural Acetic Acid Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2018-2023) Table 32. North America Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Table 33. North America Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2018-2023) & (K MT) Table 34. North America Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2024-2029) & (K MT) Table 35. Europe Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Table 36. Europe Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2018-2023) & (K MT) Table 37. Europe Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2024-2029) & (K MT) Table 38. Asia Pacific Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Table 39. Asia Pacific Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region (2018-2023) & (K MT) Table 40. Asia Pacific Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region (2024-2029) & (K MT) Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2018-2023) & (K MT) Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Country (2024-2029) & (K MT) Table 44. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT) by Usage (2018-2023) Table 45. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT) by Usage (2024-2029) Table 46. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Usage (2018-2023) Table 47. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Usage (2024-2029) Table 48. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) by Usage (2018-2023) Table 49. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) by Usage (2024-2029) Table 50. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Share by Usage (2018-2023) Table 51. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Share by Usage (2024-2029) Table 52. Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT) by Usage (2018-2023) Table 53. Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT) by Usage (2024-2029) Table 54. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT) by Application (2018-2023) Table 55. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT) by Application (2024-2029) Table 56. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Application (2018-2023) Table 57. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Application (2024-2029) Table 58. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2018-2023) Table 59. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2024-2029) Table 60. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Share by Application (2018-2023) Table 61. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Share by Application (2024-2029) Table 62. Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT) by Application (2018-2023) Table 63. Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT) by Application (2024-2029) Table 64. Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information Table 65. Elan Chemical Company Specification and Application Table 66. Elan Chemical Company Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2018-2023) Table 67. Elan Chemical Company Main Business and Markets Served Table 68. Elan Chemical Company Recent Developments/Updates Table 69. Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information Table 70. Sucroal Specification and Application Table 71. Sucroal Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2018-2023) Table 72. Sucroal Main Business and Markets Served Table 73. Sucroal Recent Developments/Updates Table 74. JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information Table 75. JAINCO TRADING Specification and Application Table 76. JAINCO TRADING Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2018-2023) Table 77. JAINCO TRADING Main Business and Markets Served Table 78. JAINCO TRADING Recent Developments/Updates Table 79. Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information Table 80. Parchem Specification and Application Table 81. Parchem Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2018-2023) Table 82. Parchem Main Business and Markets Served Table 83. Parchem Recent Developments/Updates Table 84. Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Corporation Information Table 85. Yi Bang Industry Specification and Application Table 86. Yi Bang Industry Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2018-2023) Table 87. Yi Bang Industry Main Business and Markets Served Table 88. Yi Bang Industry Recent Developments/Updates Table 89. Key Raw Materials Lists Table 90. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists Table 91. Natural Acetic Acid Distributors List Table 92. Natural Acetic Acid Customers List Table 93. Natural Acetic Acid Market Trends Table 94. Natural Acetic Acid Market Drivers Table 95. Natural Acetic Acid Market Challenges Table 96. Natural Acetic Acid Market Restraints Table 97. Research Programs/Design for This Report Table 98. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table 99. Key Data Information from Primary Sources List of Figures Figure 1. Product Picture of Natural Acetic Acid Figure 2. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Value by Usage, (US$ Million) & (2022 VS 2029) Figure 3. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Share by Usage: 2022 VS 2029 Figure 4. Preservative Product Picture Figure 5. Flavoring Agent Product Picture Figure 6. Stabilizer Product Picture Figure 7. Emulsifier Product Picture Figure 8. pH Regulator Product Picture Figure 9. Pharmaceutical Preparations Product Picture Figure 10. Others Product Picture Figure 11. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2022 VS 2029) Figure 12. Global Natural Acetic Acid Market Share by Application: 2022 VS 2029 Figure 13. Food & Beverage Figure 14. Pharmaceutical Figure 15. Industrial Figure 16. Others Figure 17. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million), 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 Figure 18. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) & (2018-2029) Figure 19. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Capacity (K MT) & (2018-2029) Figure 20. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production (K MT) & (2018-2029) Figure 21. Global Natural Acetic Acid Average Price (USD/MT) & (2018-2029) Figure 22. Natural Acetic Acid Report Years Considered Figure 23. Natural Acetic Acid Production Share by Manufacturers in 2022 Figure 24. Natural Acetic Acid Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2018 VS 2022 Figure 25. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Natural Acetic Acid Revenue in 2022 Figure 26. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (US$ Million) Figure 27. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Value Market Share by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 Figure 28. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Comparison by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Figure 29. Global Natural Acetic Acid Production Market Share by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 Figure 30. North America Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2018-2029) Figure 31. Europe Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2018-2029) Figure 32. China Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2018-2029) Figure 33. Japan Natural Acetic Acid Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2018-2029) Figure 34. Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 (K MT) Figure 35. Global Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Market Share by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029 Figure 36. North America Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 37. North America Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Market Share by Country (2018-2029) Figure 38. Canada Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 39. U.S. Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 40. Europe Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 41. Europe Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Market Share by Country (2018-2029) Figure 42. Germany Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 43. France Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 44. U.K. Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 45. Italy Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 46. Russia Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 47. Asia Pacific Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 48. Asia Pacific Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Market Share by Regions (2018-2029) Figure 49. China Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 50. Japan Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 51. South Korea Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 52. China Taiwan Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 53. Southeast Asia Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 54. India Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 55. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 56. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Natural Acetic Acid Consumption Market Share by Country (2018-2029) Figure 57. Mexico Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 58. Brazil Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 59. Turkey Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 60. GCC Countries Natural Acetic Acid Consumption and Growth Rate (2018-2023) & (K MT) Figure 61. Global Production Market Share of Natural Acetic Acid by Usage (2018-2029) Figure 62. Global Production Value Market Share of Natural Acetic Acid by Usage (2018-2029) Figure 63. Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT) by Usage (2018-2029) Figure 64. Global Production Market Share of Natural Acetic Acid by Application (2018-2029) Figure 65. Global Production Value Market Share of Natural Acetic Acid by Application (2018-2029) Figure 66. Global Natural Acetic Acid Price (USD/MT) by Application (2018-2029) Figure 67. Natural Acetic Acid Value Chain Figure 68. Natural Acetic Acid Production Process Figure 69. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution) Figure 70. Distributors Profiles Figure 71. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure 72. Data Triangulation

Elan Chemical Company Sucroal JAINCO TRADING Parchem Yi Bang Industry